The first Fighting Fantasy Gamebook was The Warlock of Firetop Mountain ( 1982), by Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone, which contains a somewhat generic story of Sword and Sorcery. In Fighting Fantasy, however, the course of events also depends on the results of combats and other actions in which success or failure are determined by quantified rules and the roll of the dice. The books are split up into numbered sections, allowing the reader – or player – to pick a path from one to another, as in such "variable plot" Gamebooks as the Choose Your Own Adventure series. The form did not achieve mass popularity, however, until Games Workshop founders Jackson and Livingstone created a similar series of scenarios aimed at young adults and packaged as books, each of which contained the full rules for what was essentially a simple RPG. In essence, these scenarios replaced the Gamemaster's human intelligence with a predesigned multilinear plot (see Interactive Narrative), making it possible to play the game alone, but left the rest of the system's mechanics intact. The idea of single-player Role Playing Game scenarios was first used in a number of adventures for the early fantasy game Tunnels and Trolls ( 1975 Flying Buffalo ) designed by Ken St Andre, beginning with Buffalo Castle ( 1976 FB) designed by Rick Loomis. Designed by Steve Jackson, Ian Livingstone.
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